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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

IX.p

IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing (during sleep)

Disordered breathing during sleep - Sleep apnea

Last update 17/06/2026

Including prolongation of apnea. PMID 27735059, 33965721.

Causative drugs

11

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

Baclofen
II.v
VIII.e
VIII.h
IX.c
IX.d
IX.e
IX.f
IX.p
IX.u
XII.f
XII.m
Corticosteroids, systemic (oral, parenteral)
I.y
II.a
II.d
III.a
III.b
IV.f
VI.a
VI.e
VI.ad
VII.c
VII.g
VII.h
VII.j
VIII.g
IX.a
IX.f
IX.m
IX.p
IX.v
X.f
X.n
X.as
X.ba
XI.r
XI.ac
XI.ae
XI.ap
XII.a
XII.l
XII.v
XVI.at
XVI.au
XVII.a
XVII.b
XVII.c
XVII.d
XVII.e
XVII.g
XVII.j
XVII.m
XVII.o
XVII.r
XVII.v
XVII.w
XVII.ai
Gabapentin
I.c
V.b
VII.a
VIII.a
VIII.q
IX.d
IX.p
XI.n
Morphine
I.l
II.a
II.b
II.d
III.a
IV.a
VI.a
VIII.e
IX.c
IX.d
IX.i
IX.p
XII.a
XII.e
XV.g
XV.w
Opiates - Opioids - Opium
II.a
II.b
II.d
III.a
III.k
IV.d
IV.e
IV.aa
IV.ab
VIII.c
VIII.i
IX.c
IX.d
IX.e
IX.f
IX.i
IX.p
IX.t
IX.u
X.f
X.af
XI.e
XI.n
XII.e
XII.f
XII.j
Oxygen (dioxygen, O2)
I.l
I.v
II.a
II.b
IV.n
VIII.d
VIII.k
IX.p
XI.b
XI.e
XV.f
XV.h
XVI.bj
XIX.b
Pregabalin
I.b
VIII.a
IX.d
IX.p
IX.v
X.a
XI.n
XII.s
Propofol
II.a
II.b
II.f
II.i
IV.a
IV.b
IV.d
IV.e
IV.f
VI.e
VIII.h
IX.d
IX.i
IX.p
X.f
X.u
X.aa
XI.d
XI.n
XI.t
XII.a
XII.m
XII.n
XII.w
XV.ae
XXIV.h
Remifentanil
IV.e
IX.d
IX.p
XI.g
XI.n
Sodium oxybate
IX.e
IX.p
IX.u
Ticagrelor
III.a
VIII.a
IX.e
IX.h
IX.p
IX.u
XII.ag