The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IX.p

Disordered breathing during sleep - Sleep apnea

Publications

Asadpour H, Naghibi SM, Rahimi S, Sharafkhaneh A, Afshari Saleh L, Rezaee Talab F, Amini M, Nikzad F

Prolonged Sleep Apnea in Two Patients with a History of Opium Abuse -A Case Report.

Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology. 2020;32(109):127-131

Cao M, Javaheri S

Effects of Chronic Opioid Use on Sleep and Wake.

Sleep medicine clinics. 2018;13(2):271-281

Nagappa M, Weingarten TN, Montandon G, Sprung J, Chung F

Opioids, respiratory depression, and sleep-disordered breathing.

Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology. 2017;31(4):469-485

Timm FP, Zaremba S, Grabitz SD, Farhan HN, Zaremba S, Siliski E, Shin CH, Muse S, Friedrich S, Mojica JE, Kurth T, Ramachandran SK, Eikermann M

Effects of Opioids Given to Facilitate Mechanical Ventilation on Sleep Apnea After Extubation in the Intensive Care Unit.

Sleep. 2018;41(1)

Van Ryswyk E, Antic NA

Opioids and Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

Chest. 2016;150(4):934-944

Correa D, Farney RJ, Chung F, Prasad A, Lam D, Wong J

Chronic opioid use and central sleep apnea: a review of the prevalence, mechanisms, and perioperative considerations.

Anesthesia and analgesia. 2015;120(6):1273-85

Webster LR, Choi Y, Desai H, Webster L, Grant BJ

Sleep-disordered breathing and chronic opioid therapy.

Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.). 2008;9(4):425-32

Farney RJ, Walker JM, Cloward TV, Rhondeau S

Sleep-disordered breathing associated with long-term opioid therapy.

Chest. 2003;123(2):632-9