The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Opiates - Opioids - Opium

Characteristic toxidrome (PMID 22784117). Reversal with naloxone in approriate dosage and duration (PMID 22784117) is a key feature of opioid overdose or poisoning (PMID 26086633). See also under heroin, morphine, fentanyl and naloxone (PMID 22784117, 23066838, 23636734, 25102043). Synthetic opioids sold as natural products or incense can cause microepidemics of Zombie outbreaks, with fatal cases (PMID 27973993). Compounds can be difficult to trace in the laboratory (PMID 27973993). Can also cause severe bleeding when tainted/laced with superwarfain (PMID 30280655). See also under cannabinoids.

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic