The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IX.i

Respiratory arrest - Apnea

Publications

Jungquist CR, Card E, Charchaflieh J, Gali B, Yilmaz M

Preventing Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in the Hospitalized Patient With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses 2018 Oct;33;601-607 — 2018 Oct — 601-607

Van Ryswyk E, Antic NA

Opioids and Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

Chest 2016 Oct;150;934-944 — 2016 Oct — 934-944

Ostermeier AM, Roizen MF, Hautkappe M, Klock PA, Klafta JM

Three sudden postoperative respiratory arrests associated with epidural opioids in patients with sleep apnea.

Anesthesia and analgesia 1997 Aug;85;452-60 — 1997 Aug — 452-60