The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IX.d

Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis)

Publications

Rowsell L, Wong KKH, Yee BJ, Eckert DJ, Somogyi AA, Duffin J, Grunstein RR, Wang D

The effect of acute morphine on obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial.

Thorax. 2019;74(2):177-184

Boom M, Niesters M, Sarton E, Aarts L, Smith TW, Dahan A

Non-analgesic effects of opioids: opioid-induced respiratory depression.

Current pharmaceutical design. 2012;18(37):5994-6004

Sam WJ, MacKey SC, Lötsch J, Drover DR

Morphine and its metabolites after patient-controlled analgesia: considerations for respiratory depression.

Journal of clinical anesthesia. 2011;23(2):102-6

Taddio A, Crosdale B, Hogan ME, El Sayed MF, Lee KS, Moore AM, Shah V

Safety of morphine in nonintubated infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.

The Clinical journal of pain. 2009;25(5):418-22

Scherens A, Kagel T, Zenz M, Maier C

Long-term respiratory depression induced by intrathecal morphine treatment for chronic neuropathic pain.

Anesthesiology. 2006;105(2):431-3

Bailey PL, Lu JK, Pace NL, Orr JA, White JL, Hamber EA, Slawson MH, Crouch DJ, Rollins DE

Effects of intrathecal morphine on the ventilatory response to hypoxia.

The New England journal of medicine. 2000;343(17):1228-34

Quevedo F, Walsh D

Morphine-induced ventilatory failure after spinal cord compression.

Journal of pain and symptom management. 1999;18(2):140-2

Leino K, Mildh L, Lertola K, Seppälä T, Kirvelä O

Time course of changes in breathing pattern in morphine- and oxycodone-induced respiratory depression.

Anaesthesia. 1999;54(9):835-40

Lang E, Jedeikin R

Acute respiratory depression as a complication of nebulised morphine.

Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie. 1998;45(1):60-2