The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.r

Death following exposure or poisoning

Publications

Adamowicz P, Meissner E, Maślanka M

Fatal intoxication with new synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2019;57(11):1103-1108

Jungquist CR, Card E, Charchaflieh J, Gali B, Yilmaz M

Preventing Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression in the Hospitalized Patient With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. 2018;33(5):601-607

Stevens JP, Wall MJ, Novack L, Marshall J, Hsu DJ, Howell MD

The Critical Care Crisis of Opioid Overdoses in the United States.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2017;14(12):1803-1809

Hlavaty L, Hansma P, Sung L

Contribution of opiates in sudden asthma deaths.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 2015;36(1):49-52

Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, Domino KB

Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression: a closed claims analysis.

Anesthesiology. 2015;122(3):659-65

Niesters M, Overdyk F, Smith T, Aarts L, Dahan A

Opioid-induced respiratory depression in paediatrics: a review of case reports.

British journal of anaesthesia. 2013;110(2):175-82

Okie S

A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths.

The New England journal of medicine. 2010;363(21):1981-5

Sternfeld I, Perras N, Culross PL

Development of a coroner-based surveillance system for drug-related deaths in Los Angeles county.

Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2010;87(4):656-69

Degenhardt L, Roxburgh A, Barker B

Underlying causes of cocaine, amphetamine and opioid related deaths in Australia.

Journal of clinical forensic medicine. 2005;12(4):187-95