Philippe Camus, M.D.

Dijon, France

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Corticosteroids, systemic (oral, parenteral)

Longterm oral or parenteral CST (PMID 11239846) poses the risk of opportunistic pulmonary (PMID 20736243, 2817582) and/or systemic infections (PMID 23982055). Continued attention is required as the use of costicosteroids may be increasing (PMID 21393338)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease

I.z

Progression, acceleration or exacerbation of preexisting ILD/fibrosis

XLI - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS

XLI.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)
XLI.b

Pulmonary edema, cardiogenic

XLII - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding

XLII.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
XLII.b

Pneumorenal syndrome (w/wo ANCAs)

XLIII - Airway involvement

XLIII.b

Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal)

XLIV - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement

XLIV.k

Tracheal narrowing - Sabre sheath trachea

XLVI - Pulmonary vasculopathy

XLVI.a

Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism
XLVI.e

Fat/oil embolism - The FES embolism syndrome
XLVI.ac

Right ventricular outflow tract compression

XLVII - Mediastinal involvement

XLVII.c

Mediastinal lipomatosis
XLVII.g

Hemomediastinum - Mediastinal hematoma
XLVII.h

Pneumomediastinum
XLVII.j

Compression of mediastinal structures/organs

XLVIII - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing (during sleep)

XLVIII.a

Diaphragm/inspiratory muscle weakness/paralysis (w/wo ARF)
XLVIII.f

Hiccup
XLVIII.m

Epidural thoracic lipomatosis
XLVIII.p

Disordered breathing during sleep - Sleep apnea
XLVIII.v

Generalized myopathy/muscle weakness

XLIX - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions

XLIX.f

Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal)
XLIX.p

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)
XLIX.au

Scleroderma renal crisis
XLIX.bb

Rhabdomyolysis (see also under Xj)

L - Miscellaneous

L.s

Rib fracture
L.ad

Vertebral compression fracture
L.af

Cushing syndrome
L.aq

Diminished efficacy of antineoplastic immunotherapy

LI - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity

LI.a

Left or biventricular dysfunction/failure
LI.n

Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP)
LI.x

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

LV - Imaging

LV.av

Imaging: Subpleural fat deposits
LV.aw

Imaging: Mediastinal fatty deposits

LIX - Infections & related conditions

LIX.a

Respiratory tract infection incl. pneumonia
LIX.b

Opportunistic pulmonary/systemic infections
LIX.c

Aspergillosis, pulmonary (invasive, allergic [ABPA], or mycetoma)
LIX.d

Pneumocystis jiroveci pulmonary colonization
LIX.e

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
LIX.g

Tuberculosis (pulmonary, pulmonary, extrapulmonary or disseminated). Reactivation or de novo
LIX.j

Mucormycosis (pulmonary, tracheobronchial or systemic)
LIX.m

Fungal airway infection
LIX.o

Nocardia pulmonary/systemic infection
LIX.r

Fungal infection (pulmonary/extrapulmonary)
LIX.u

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection (w/wo DAH)
LIX.v

Hypogammaglobulinemia - Antibody deficiency
LIX.ah

A falsely negative/indeterminate IGRA test result