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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS

II.v

Acute respiratory or cardiopulmonary failure

VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement

VIII.e

Laryngospasm (a.k.a. laryngismus)
VIII.h

Vocal cord dysfunction, adduction, closure, injury

IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing (during sleep)

IX.c

Chest wall muscle rigidity - Stiff/wooden chest
IX.d

Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis)
IX.e

Disordered breathing pattern incl. Cheyne-Stokes respiration
IX.f

Hiccup
IX.p

Disordered breathing during sleep - Sleep apnea
IX.u

Central sleep apnea

XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity

XII.f

Cardiomyopathy (acute, subacute, chronic)
XII.m

Cardiac- cardiorespiratory/pulmonary arrest