The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

Publications

Aseyev O, Zrielykh L, Shi M, Filipovic K, Seymour C, Siddiqui R, Biman B

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Pneumonitis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review of Incidence and Clinical Risk Factors.

Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.). 2026;33(5)

Shahbaz MU, Khalid M, Usman M, Asif MZ, Macbruce D

Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Mimicking Pneumonia in a Patient With Interstitial Lung Disease on Ticagrelor.

Cureus. 2026;18(4):e107651

Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-González J, García-Saíz M, Boada C, Abreu-González P, Laynez-Cerdeña I

WITHDRAWN: Pulmonary Hemorrhage in a Patient With ST-segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Ticagrelor: A Case Report.

Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.). 2015

Whitmore TJ, O'Shea JP, Starac D, Edwards MG, Waterer GW

A case of pulmonary hemorrhage due to drug-induced pneumonitis secondary to ticagrelor therapy.

Chest. 2014;145(3):639-641