Philippe Camus, M.D.

Dijon, France

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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Crack cocaine

See also under cocaine and levamisole, a common adulterant of cocaine from the 2000s. PMID 8874270, 1731605, 17620460, 24429586

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease

I.a

Pneumonitis (interstitial lung disease/ILD)
I.b

Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS)
I.c

Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia)
I.d

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP)
I.e

Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging)
I.g

Pulmonary fibrosis

XLI - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS

XLI.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)
XLI.d

Transient pulmonary opacities/infiltrates (see also under Iav)
XLI.e

ARDS - Acute lung injury

XLII - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding

XLII.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

XLIII - Airway involvement

XLIII.a

Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma
XLIII.b

Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal)
XLIII.x

Obliterative bronchiolitis (a pattern consistent with) (see also IVn, XVx)
XLIII.ac

Cough (acute, violent, explosive)

XLIV - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement

XLIV.a

Angioedema (may cause UAO, asphyxia and death)
XLIV.i

Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway
XLIV.p

Foreign body in the airway
XLIV.q

Drug foreign body in the airway
XLIV.ad

Retropharyngeal emphysema
XLIV.aq

Airway foreign body

XLV - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement

XLV.b

Eosinophilic pleural effusion
XLV.f

Pneumothorax
XLV.y

Black pleural effusion

XLVI - Pulmonary vasculopathy

XLVI.a

Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism

XLVII - Mediastinal involvement

XLVII.h

Pneumomediastinum

XLIX - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions

XLIX.ae

Anti-GBM antibody disease (Goodpasture-like or flare of preexisting GS)

L - Miscellaneous

L.b

Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent
L.c

Pleuritic chest pain
L.bl

Lung herniation

LI - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity

LI.h

Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction
LI.n

Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP)
LI.ac

Arterial (aorta, limb) vasoconstriction and/or ischemia, acute
LI.ag

Aortic dissection

LV - Imaging

LV.b

Imaging: Ground-glass opacities (GGO) / shadowing
LV.d

Imaging: Alveolar opacities or haze with a batwing or butterfly distribution
LV.k

Imaging: An area or areas of consolidation

LVI - Distinctive patterns - 'Eye-catchers'

LVI.l

Eye catcher: Candy-cane esophagus

LVIII - Pathology

LVIII.b

Path: Eosinophilic pneumonia (subacute or acute) (see also Ic)
LVIII.f

Path: ILD with a granulomatous component (see also Im)
LVIII.r

Path: Alveolar hemorrhage (see also IIIa)
LVIII.ab

Path: Foreign body deposits/granulomatous reaction
LVIII.ac

Path: Pneumoconiosis (silicosis, talcosis, talcoma)
LVIII.au

Path: Airway inflammation
LVIII.ce

Path: Alveolar carbonaceous material or deposits