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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Levamisole-adulterated/tainted cocaine

See PMID 25544694, 26974713, 29099568, 29782427

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III - Pulmonary/alveolar/airway hemorrhage/bleeding

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
III.b

Pneumorenal syndrome (w/wo ANCAs)
III.c

Hemoptysis

V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement

V.a

Pleural effusion (uni- or bilateral) (can accompany DI-LDs)
V.m

Pleuropericarditis - Pleuropericardial effusion (ANA unknown or negative)

VI - Pulmonary vasculopathy

VI.b

Pulmonary arterial hypertension
VI.d

Pulmonary vasculitis or capillaritis

VIII - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement

VIII.i

Midline destructive lesions
VIII.o

Perforation of the nasal septum
VIII.ai

Nasal, palatal and/or pharyngeal pathology

IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing (during sleep)

IX.t

CNS involvement/dysfunction/damage

X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions

X.j

Myopathy-Myositis-Polymyositis (see also under Xba)
X.o

Neutrophilic dermatosis (Pyoderma, Sweet syndrome)
X.s

Vasculitis, pulmonary (w/wo AH), extrapulmonary, systemic: ANCA-positive
X.ad

Skin purpura, ecchymoses or necrosis
X.ak

Dual MPO-/PR3-ANCA systemic disease/vasculitis/pseudovasculitis

XI - Miscellaneous

XI.n

Neutropenia, agranulocytosis (w/wo infection/sepsis)
XI.r

Death following exposure or poisoning

XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity

XII.g

Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction
XII.aa

Arterial (aorta, limb) vasoconstriction and/or ischemia, acute

XV - Pathology

XV.al

Path: Pulmonary hypertension incl. angiomatoid vasculopathy
XV.aw

Path: Skin vasculopathy/vasculitis/fibrin thrombi

XVI - Imaging

XVI.b

Imaging: Ground-glass opacities (GGO) / shadowing

XVIII - Distinctive patterns - 'Eye-catchers'

XVIII.t

Eye catcher: Purpuric/Ecchymotic/Cyanotic lesions of the earlobes and/or nose