The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

VIII.d

Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway

Publications

Devlin RJ, Henry JA

Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption.

Critical care (London, England). 2008;12(1):202

Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale J

Thermal epiglottitis in adults: a new complication of illicit drug use.

The Journal of emergency medicine. 1997;15(4):483-5

Laposata EA, Mayo GL

A review of pulmonary pathology and mechanisms associated with inhalation of freebase cocaine ("crack").

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 1993;14(1):1-9

Haim DY, Lippmann ML, Goldberg SK, Walkenstein MD

The pulmonary complications of crack cocaine. A comprehensive review.

Chest. 1995;107(1):233-40

Taylor RF, Bernard GR

Airway complications from free-basing cocaine.

Chest. 1989;95(2):476-7