The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

Publications

Sogomonian R, Alkhawam H, Gandhi V, Zaiem F, Moradoghli Haftevani EA, McGarry T

Refractile foreign material deposits and alveolar hemorrhage in crack cocaine smoker.

Respiratory medicine case reports 2015;16;48-50 — 2015 — 48-50

Laposata EA, Mayo GL

A review of pulmonary pathology and mechanisms associated with inhalation of freebase cocaine ("crack").

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 1993 Mar;14;1-9 — 1993 Mar — 1-9

Haim DY, Lippmann ML, Goldberg SK, Walkenstein MD

The pulmonary complications of crack cocaine. A comprehensive review.

Chest 1995 Jan;107;233-40 — 1995 Jan — 233-40