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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Cyclophosphamide

See also under 'Cyclophosphamide (i.v infusional)'

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease

I.a

Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may produce the ARDS pattern)
I.b

Pneumonitis (interstitial lung disease/ILD)
I.d

Organizing pneumonia pattern (an area or areas of consolidation on imaging)
I.g

Pulmonary fibrosis
I.l

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) (see alsoo under IIb and XVf)
I.x

Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE)
I.aa

Delayed ILD, -pneumonitis, -fibrosis

II - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS

II.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)
II.b

ARDS - Acute lung injury

III - Pulmonary/alveolar/airway hemorrhage/bleeding

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

IV - Airway involvement

IV.a

Bronchospasm - Wheezing - Asthma

V - Pleural and/or pericardial involvement

V.a

Pleural effusion (uni- or bilateral) (can accompany DI-LDs)
V.b

Eosinophilic pleural effusion
V.c

Pleural thickening - Fibrothorax
V.f

Pneumothorax

VI - Pulmonary vasculopathy

VI.c

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

IX - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing (during sleep)

IX.f

Hiccup

X - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions

X.f

Anaphylaxis-Anaphylactoid reaction (can be fatal)

XI - Miscellaneous

XI.b

Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent
XI.c

Pleuritic chest pain
XI.p

Chest deformity: platythorax

XII - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity

XII.a

Left or biventricular dysfunction/failure
XII.c

Pericardial effusion (w/wo tamponade)
XII.f

Cardiomyopathy (acute, subacute, chronic)
XII.g

Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction
XII.s

Heart block (bundle branch- or AV-)

XV - Pathology

XV.a

Path: NSIP-cellular pattern (see also Ia, Ib)
XV.c

Path: Organizing pneumonia (OP/BOOP) pattern (see also Id)
XV.f

Path: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD-pattern) (see also IL)
XV.h

Path: NSIP-fibrotic pattern
XV.i

Path: Pneumocyte atypia (reactive epithelial cells) (a.k.a. the "Napoleon Hat" sign)
XV.ak

Path: Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD)
XV.ap

Path: Pleuroparenchymal fibrosis/fibroelastosis (PPFE)

XVI - Imaging

XVI.ap

Imaging: Pleural thickening w/wo rounded atelectasis
XVI.bl

Imaging: An area or areas of avid tracer uptake in the lung/chest on 18F-PET scan

XVII - Infections & related conditions

XVII.b

Opportunistic pulmonary/systemic infections
XVII.e

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
XVII.q

Viral pneumonia

XIX - Cytological, biochemical features of/in BAL, pleural fluid or FNA

XIX.a

BAL: An excess proportion of lymphocytes