The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.n

Neutropenia, agranulocytosis (w/wo infection/sepsis)

Publications

Khan MS, Khan Z, Khateeb F, Moustafa A, Taleb M, Yoon Y

Recurrent Levamisole-Induced Agranulocytosis Complicated by Bowel Ischemia in a Cocaine User.

The American journal of case reports. 2018;19:630-633

Cascio MJ, Jen KY

Cocaine/levamisole-associated autoimmune syndrome: a disease of neutrophil-mediated autoimmunity.

Current opinion in hematology. 2018;25(1):29-36

Souied O, Baydoun H, Ghandour Z, Mobarakai N

Levamisole-contaminated cocaine: an emergent cause of vasculitis and skin necrosis.

Case reports in medicine. 2014;2014:434717

Ananthan D, Shah S, Koya HH, Patel A, Graziano S

Levamisole tainted cocaine: an emerging health issue.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 2014;107(8):655-6

Chai PR, Bastan W, Machan J, Hack JB, Babu KM

Levamisole exposure and hematologic indices in cocaine users.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2011;18(11):1141-7