The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

X.af

Skin purpura, ecchymoses or necrosis

Publications

Fan T, Macaraeg J, Haddad TM, Bacon H, Le D, Mirza M, Valenta C, Wichman T

A Case Report on Suspected Levamisole-Induced Pseudovasculitis.

WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin 2017 02;116;37-9 — 2017 02 — 37-9

Roberts JA, Chévez-Barrios P

Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: A Characteristic Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated With Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine.

Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2015 Aug;139;1058-61 — 2015 Aug — 1058-61

Lawrence LA, Jiron JL, Lin HS, Folbe AJ

Levamisole-adulterated cocaine induced skin necrosis of nose, ears, and extremities: Case report.

Allergy & rhinology (Providence, R.I.) 2014 Jan;5;132-6 — 2014 Jan — 132-6

Souied O, Baydoun H, Ghandour Z, Mobarakai N

Levamisole-contaminated cocaine: an emergent cause of vasculitis and skin necrosis.

Case reports in medicine 2014;2014;434717 — 2014 — 434717

Sarkar D, Kammona HA, Lamsen LN, McAbee BA, Clark CT, Lee SS, Kelley SE

Photoletter to the editor: Diffuse cocaine-related purpura.

Journal of dermatological case reports 2013;7;132-3 — 2013 — 132-3

Mouzakis J, Somboonwit C, Lakshmi S, Rumbak M, Sinnott J, Cherpelis B, Keshishian J

Levamisole induced necrosis of the skin and neutropenia following intranasal cocaine use: a newly recognized syndrome.

Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD 2011 Oct;10;1204-7 — 2011 Oct — 1204-7

Lee KC, Culpepper K, Kessler M

Levamisole-induced thrombosis: literature review and pertinent laboratory findings.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011 Oct;65;e128-e129 — 2011 Oct — e128-e129

Walsh NM, Green PJ, Burlingame RW, Pasternak S, Hanly JG

Cocaine-related retiform purpura: evidence to incriminate the adulterant, levamisole.

Journal of cutaneous pathology 2010 Dec;37;1212-9 — 2010 Dec — 1212-9