Philippe Camus, M.D.

Dijon, France

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The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Cannabinoids - Cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic) (K2, Spice)

a.k.a. Spice, K2 bonsai or other colourful names. Include MDMB-CHMICA. Review: PMID 27610597. See also under PMID 27973993. Such adulterants as warfarin or superwarfarins should be examined (PMID 30104022)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

I - Interstitial/parenchymal lung disease

I.b

Pneumonitis (ILD), acute and/or severe (may cause ARDS)
I.c

Eosinophilic pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia)
I.d

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP)
I.ap

Pulmonary infiltrates

XLI - Pulmonary edema - Acute lung injury - ARDS

XLI.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)
XLI.e

ARDS - Acute lung injury
XLI.p

Acute respiratory or cardiopulmonary failure

XLII - Pulmonary/alveolar./airway hemorrhage/bleeding

XLII.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)
XLII.c

Hemoptysis
XLII.m

Coagulopathy

XLIV - Central-large-upper airway (incl. pharyngeal-nasal) involvement

XLIV.b

Hematoma of/around central airway wall potentially causing UAO

XLVI - Pulmonary vasculopathy

XLVI.a

Pulmonary embolism - Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism

XLVII - Mediastinal involvement

XLVII.h

Pneumomediastinum

XLVIII - Neuromuscular / CNS involvement - Disordered breathing (during sleep)

XLVIII.d

Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis)

XLIX - Systemic/Distant conditions, syndromes and reactions

XLIX.w

Multiple organ dysfunction/failure (MODS/MOF)
XLIX.bb

Rhabdomyolysis (see also under Xj)

L - Miscellaneous

L.b

Chest pain (acute or subacute), lone or prominent
L.h

Aspiration, aspiration pneumonia (w/wo demonstrable pharyngeal dysmotility)
L.o

Death following exposure or poisoning
L.x

CNS symptoms or involvement, stroke
L.bg

Hyperemesis

LI - Cardiovascular involvement / toxicity

LI.h

Coronary artery disease (acute) - Myocardial ischemia/infarction
LI.n

Cardiac arrhythmias or dysrhythmias (AF, VT, VF, TdP)
LI.al

Systemic arterial thrombosis