The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Cannabinoids - Cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic) (K2, Spice)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.r

Death following exposure or poisoning

Publications

Adamowicz P, Meissner E, Maślanka M

Fatal intoxication with new synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2019;57(11):1103-1108

Yamagishi I, Minakata K, Nozawa H, Hasegawa K, Suzuki M, Kitamoto T, Suzuki O, Watanabe K

A case of intoxication with a mixture of synthetic cannabinoids EAM-2201, AB-PINACA and AB-FUBINACA, and a synthetic cathinone α-PVP.

Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2018;35:44-49

Katz KD, Leonetti AL, Bailey BC, Surmaitis RM, Eustice ER, Kacinko S, Wheatley SM

Case Series of Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication from One Toxicology Center.

The western journal of emergency medicine. 2016;17(3):290-4