The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Cannabinoids - Cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic) (K2, Spice)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

Publications

Allena N, Yapor L, Anwar MY, Vakde T

From Euphoria to Emergency: Exploring the Role of K2/Spice in Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage.

Cureus 2023 Jul;15;e41887 — 2023 Jul — e41887

Yamanoglu A, Cakmak S, Celebi Yamanoglu NG, Sogut O

A new side effect of synthetic cannabinoid use by the bucket (waterpipe) method: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Turkish journal of emergency medicine 2018 Mar;18;42-44 — 2018 Mar — 42-44