The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Cannabinoids - Cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic) (K2, Spice)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XLI.e

ARDS - Acute lung injury

Publications

Van Rafelghem B, Covaci A, Anseeuw K, van Nuijs ALN, Neels H, Mahieu B, Jacobs W

Suicide by vaping the synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA: cannabinoid receptors and fluoride at the crossroads of toxicity?

Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2021 Dec;17;684-688 — 2021 Dec — 684-688

Yamanoglu A, Cakmak S, Celebi Yamanoglu NG, Sogut O

A new side effect of synthetic cannabinoid use by the bucket (waterpipe) method: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Turkish journal of emergency medicine 2018 Mar;18;42-44 — 2018 Mar — 42-44

Alhadi S, Tiwari A, Vohra R, Gerona R, Acharya J, Bilello K

High times, low sats: diffuse pulmonary infiltrates associated with chronic synthetic cannabinoid use.

Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology 2013 Jun;9;199-206 — 2013 Jun — 199-206