The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Cannabinoids - Cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic) (K2, Spice)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IX.d

Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis)

Publications

Manini AF, Krotulski AJ, Schimmel J, Allen L, Hurd YL, Richardson LD, Vidal K, Logan BK

Respiratory failure in confirmed synthetic cannabinoid overdose.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2022;60(4):524-526

Alon MH, Saint-Fleur MO

Synthetic cannabinoid induced acute respiratory depression: Case series and literature review.

Respiratory medicine case reports. 2017;22:137-141

Hill SL, Najafi J, Dunn M, Acheampong P, Kamour A, Grundlingh J, Blain PG, Thomas SH

Clinical toxicity following analytically confirmed use of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist MDMB-CHMICA. A report from the Identification Of Novel psychoActive substances (IONA) study.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2016;54(8):638-43

Jinwala FN, Gupta M

Synthetic cannabis and respiratory depression.

Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2012;22(6):459-62