The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Anticoagulants, oral (vitamin K antagonists-VKA)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

Publications

Abu Shammala A, Jaber M, Irfan B, Owda A, Herzallah A

Warfarin-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage: A Rare and Life-Threatening Complication in the Resource-Limited Setting of Gaza.

Case reports in pulmonology 2025;2025 — 2025 — 8866411

Kaya B, Yildiz I, Baha RM, Zeytun NE, Yetisgen A

Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Associated with Warfarin Therapy.

Case reports in medicine 2015;2015;350532 — 2015 — 350532

de Prost N, Parrot A, Cuquemelle E, Picard C, Antoine M, Fleury-Feith J, Mayaud C, Boffa JJ, Fartoukh M, Cadranel J

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in immunocompetent patients: etiologies and prognosis revisited.

Respiratory medicine 2012 Jul;106;1021-32 — 2012 Jul — 1021-32

Klenner AF, Friesecke S, Schäper C, Ewert R, Gläser S

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with phenprocoumon therapy.

Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2008 Dec;19;813-5 — 2008 Dec — 813-5

Hashemi-Sadraei N, Sadrpour S, Baram D, Miller F, Nord EP

Sirolimus-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a renal transplant recipient on long-term anticoagulation.

Clinical nephrology 2007 Oct;68;238-44 — 2007 Oct — 238-44

Erdogan D, Kocaman O, Oflaz H, Goren T

Alveolar hemorrhage associated with warfarin therapy: a case report and literature review.

The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2004 Apr;20;155-9 — 2004 Apr — 155-9

Papagiannis A, Smith AP, Hebden MW

Acute dyspnea, chest tightness, and anemia in a 33-year-old man.

Chest 1995 Mar;107;863-5 — 1995 Mar — 863-5

Granthil C, Colavolpe C, Houvenaeghel M, François G

[Occult intrapulmonary hemorrhage caused by anticoagulants].

Annales de l'anesthesiologie francaise 1981;22;53-6 — 1981 — 53-6

Finley TN, Aronow A, Cosentino AM, Golde DW

Occult pulmonary hemorrhage in anticoagulated patients.

The American review of respiratory disease 1975 Jul;112;23-9 — 1975 Jul — 23-9