The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

X.af

Skin purpura, ecchymoses or necrosis

Publications

Roberts JA, Chévez-Barrios P

Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: A Characteristic Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated With Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine.

Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 2015 Aug;139;1058-61 — 2015 Aug — 1058-61

Lemaignen A, Goulenok T, Kalamarides S, Plat A, Pfau G, Fantin B

[Agranulocytosis and vasculitis in a cocaine addict: levamisole, the hidden culprit].

La Revue de medecine interne 2014 Oct;35;676-9 — 2014 Oct — 676-9

Pavenski K, Vandenberghe H, Jakubovic H, Adam DN, Garvey B, Streutker CJ

Plasmapheresis and steroid treatment of levamisole-induced vasculopathy and associated skin necrosis in crack/cocaine users.

Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 2013 Mar-Apr;17;123-8 — 2013 Mar-Apr — 123-8

Petrosyan F

Reticular rash, cocaine, and levamisole.

Mayo Clinic proceedings 2013 Feb;88;e19 — 2013 Feb — e19

Lutfy J, Noland ME, Jarmuske M

How to spot cocaine-induced pseudovasculitis.

Annals of plastic surgery 2013 Mar;70;375-8 — 2013 Mar — 375-8

Arora NP

Cutaneous vasculopathy and neutropenia associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

The American journal of the medical sciences 2013 Jan;345;45-51 — 2013 Jan — 45-51

Arora NP, Jain T, Bhanot R, Natesan SK

Levamisole-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis and neutropenia in a patient with cocaine use: an extensive case with necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and cartilage.

Addiction science & clinical practice 2012 Sep 24;7;19 — 2012 Sep 24 — 19

Desai N, Patel M, Desai S, Cerceo E

Levamisole-induced vasculitis with ecchymosis and necrosis syndrome from contaminated cocaine.

BMJ case reports 2012 Nov 21;2012; — 2012 Nov 21

Yachoui R, Kolasinski SL, Eid H

Limited cutaneous vasculitis associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

Journal of clinical medicine research 2012 Oct;4;358-9 — 2012 Oct — 358-9

Belfonte CD, Shanmugam VK, Kieffer N, Coker S, Boucree S, Kerr G

Levamisole-induced occlusive necrotising vasculitis in cocaine abusers: an unusual cause of skin necrosis and neutropenia.

International wound journal 2013 Oct;10;590-6 — 2013 Oct — 590-6

Larocque A, Hoffman RS

Levamisole in cocaine: unexpected news from an old acquaintance.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2012 Apr;50;231-41 — 2012 Apr — 231-41

Chung C, Tumeh PC, Birnbaum R, Tan BH, Sharp L, McCoy E, Mercurio MG, Craft N

Characteristic purpura of the ears, vasculitis, and neutropenia--a potential public health epidemic associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011 Oct;65;722-725.e2 — 2011 Oct — 722-725.e2

Ullrich K, Koval R, Koval E, Bapoje S, Hirsh JM

Five consecutive cases of a cutaneous vasculopathy in users of levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2011 Jun;17;193-6 — 2011 Jun — 193-6