The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Anticoagulants, oral (vitamin K antagonists-VKA)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

VIII.v

Retropharyngeal hematoma (may cause UAO)

Publications

Ditkofsky N, Hanna T

Images in Clinical Medicine. Spontaneous Retropharyngeal Hematoma.

The New England journal of medicine. 2016;374(3):e3

Bloom DC, Haegen T, Keefe MA

Anticoagulation and spontaneous retropharyngeal hematoma.

The Journal of emergency medicine. 2003;24(4):389-94

Sinert R, Scalea T

Retropharyngeal and bowel hematomas in an anticoagulated patient.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1994;1(1):67-72

Owens DE, Calcaterra TC, Aarstad RA

Retropharyngeal hematoma. A complication of therapy with anticoagulants.

Archives of otolaryngology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1975;101(9):565-8