The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.n

Neutropenia, agranulocytosis (w/wo infection/sepsis)

Review of levamisole-induced agranulocytosis-related infections at PMID 19153405

Publications

Kassim T, Chintalacheruvu L, Bhatty O, Selim M, Diab O, Nayfeh A, Manikkam Umakanthan J, Gbadamosi-Akindele M

A Case of Levamisole-Induced Agranulocytosis.

Case reports in hematology. 2018;2018:7341835

Ananthan D, Shah S, Koya HH, Patel A, Graziano S

Levamisole tainted cocaine: an emerging health issue.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians. 2014;107(8):655-6

Vagi SJ, Sheikh S, Brackney M, Smolinske S, Warrick B, Reuter N, Schier JG

Passive multistate surveillance for neutropenia after use of cocaine or heroin possibly contaminated with levamisole.

Annals of emergency medicine. 2013;61(4):468-74

Arora NP

Cutaneous vasculopathy and neutropenia associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

The American journal of the medical sciences. 2013;345(1):45-51

Morris GW Jr, Mason BC, Harris Sprunger R, Hake Harris H, White LA, Patterson DA

Levamisole-adulterated cocaine: a case series.

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM. 2012;25(4):531-5

Wolford A, McDonald TS, Eng H, Hansel S, Chen Y, Bauman J, Sharma R, Kalgutkar AS

Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. 2012;40(6):1067-75

Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Proença JB, Santos A, Magalhães T

Clinical and forensic signs related to cocaine abuse.

Current drug abuse reviews. 2012;5(1):64-83

Chai PR, Bastan W, Machan J, Hack JB, Babu KM

Levamisole exposure and hematologic indices in cocaine users.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2011;18(11):1141-7

Perkisas S, Vrelust I, Martin M, Gadisseur A, Schroyens W

A warning about agranulocytosis with the use of cocaine adulterated with levamisole.

Acta clinica Belgica. 2011;66(3):226-7

Czuchlewski DR, Brackney M, Ewers C, Manna J, Fekrazad MH, Martinez A, Nolte KB, Hjelle B, Rabinowitz I, Curtis BR, McFarland JG, Baumbach J, Foucar K

Clinicopathologic features of agranulocytosis in the setting of levamisole-tainted cocaine.

American journal of clinical pathology. 2010;133(3):466-72

Zhu NY, Legatt DF, Turner AR

Agranulocytosis after consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole.

Annals of internal medicine. 2009;150(4):287-9