The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

L.l

Neutropenia, agranulocytosis (w/wo infection/sepsis)

Review of levamisole-induced agranulocytosis-related infections at PMID 19153405

Publications

Kassim T, Chintalacheruvu L, Bhatty O, Selim M, Diab O, Nayfeh A, Manikkam Umakanthan J, Gbadamosi-Akindele M

A Case of Levamisole-Induced Agranulocytosis.

Case reports in hematology 2018;2018;7341835 — 2018 — 7341835

Ananthan D, Shah S, Koya HH, Patel A, Graziano S

Levamisole tainted cocaine: an emerging health issue.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 2014 Aug;107;655-6 — 2014 Aug — 655-6

Vagi SJ, Sheikh S, Brackney M, Smolinske S, Warrick B, Reuter N, Schier JG

Passive multistate surveillance for neutropenia after use of cocaine or heroin possibly contaminated with levamisole.

Annals of emergency medicine 2013 Apr;61;468-74 — 2013 Apr — 468-74

Arora NP

Cutaneous vasculopathy and neutropenia associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

The American journal of the medical sciences 2013 Jan;345;45-51 — 2013 Jan — 45-51

Morris GW, Mason BC, Harris Sprunger R, Hake Harris H, White LA, Patterson DA

Levamisole-adulterated cocaine: a case series.

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM 2012 Jul-Aug;25;531-5 — 2012 Jul-Aug — 531-5

Wolford A, McDonald TS, Eng H, Hansel S, Chen Y, Bauman J, Sharma R, Kalgutkar AS

Immune-mediated agranulocytosis caused by the cocaine adulterant levamisole: a case for reactive metabolite(s) involvement.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 2012 Jun;40;1067-75 — 2012 Jun — 1067-75

Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Proença JB, Santos A, Magalhães T

Clinical and forensic signs related to cocaine abuse.

Current drug abuse reviews 2012 Mar;5;64-83 — 2012 Mar — 64-83

Chai PR, Bastan W, Machan J, Hack JB, Babu KM

Levamisole exposure and hematologic indices in cocaine users.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2011 Nov;18;1141-7 — 2011 Nov — 1141-7

Perkisas S, Vrelust I, Martin M, Gadisseur A, Schroyens W

A warning about agranulocytosis with the use of cocaine adulterated with levamisole.

Acta clinica Belgica 2011 May-Jun;66;226-7 — 2011 May-Jun — 226-7

Czuchlewski DR, Brackney M, Ewers C, Manna J, Fekrazad MH, Martinez A, Nolte KB, Hjelle B, Rabinowitz I, Curtis BR, McFarland JG, Baumbach J, Foucar K

Clinicopathologic features of agranulocytosis in the setting of levamisole-tainted cocaine.

American journal of clinical pathology 2010 Mar;133;466-72 — 2010 Mar — 466-72

Zhu NY, Legatt DF, Turner AR

Agranulocytosis after consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole.

Annals of internal medicine 2009 Feb 17;150;287-9 — 2009 Feb 17 — 287-9