The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Anesthetic agents (local, topical)

Benzocaine produces methemoglobinemia with greater frequency, compared to other topical anesthetic agents (PMID 22915889. See under specufic drugs (benzocaine, lidocaine, prilocaine, tetracaine...)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI - Miscellaneous

XI.a

Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2

XIV - Hemoglobinopathies - Abnormal hemoglobin states (acquired)

XIV.a

Methemoglobinemia