The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

L.a

Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2

Publications

Hieger MA, Afeld JL, Cumpston KL, Wills BK

Topical Benzocaine and Methemoglobinemia.

American journal of therapeutics 2017 Sep/Oct;24;e596-e598 — 2017 Sep/Oct — e596-e598

Brown C, Bowling M

Methemoglobinemia in bronchoscopy: a case series and a review of the literature.

Journal of bronchology & interventional pulmonology 2013 Jul;20;241-6 — 2013 Jul — 241-6

Kwok S, Fischer JL, Rogers JD

Benzocaine and lidocaine induced methemoglobinemia after bronchoscopy: a case report.

Journal of medical case reports 2008 Jan 23;2;16 — 2008 Jan 23 — 16