The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

Cocaine inhalation or snorting may induce lone DAH. Cocaine-induced ANCA-(antineutrophil elastase)-related vasculitis includes skin bullae and necrosis. A few patients present with deep-seated involvement including DAH. The condition is thought to be related to levamisole, a commonly used adulterant in cocaine samples. Cases on the rise since the 2010s

Publications

Mengar M, Gupta N, Chakrabarti S, Aggarwal V, Shah K, Ish P

Cocaine abuse induced diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: a rare entity.

Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace. 2020;90(1)

Jiménez-Zarazúa O, López-García JA, Arce-Negrete LR, Vélez-Ramírez LN, Casimiro-Guzmán L, Mondragón JD

Alveolar hemorrhage associated with cocaine consumption.

Heart & lung : the journal of critical care. 2018;47(5):525-530

Underner M, Perriot J, Wallaert B, Peiffer G, Meurice JC, Jaafari N

[Alveolar hemorrhage and cocaine use].

Revue des maladies respiratoires. 2018;35(2):134-148

Dushay KM, Evans SK, Ghimire S, Liu J

Cocaine-induced diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: A case report and review of the literature.

Rhode Island medical journal (2013). 2016;99(8):34-6

Sogomonian R, Alkhawam H, Gandhi V, Zaiem F, Moradoghli Haftevani EA, McGarry T

Refractile foreign material deposits and alveolar hemorrhage in crack cocaine smoker.

Respiratory medicine case reports. 2015;16:48-50

Plessl A, Buser PJ, Daikeler T, Steveling E, Halter J, Holbro A

[Alveolar hemorrhage und cocaine: cause or coincidence?].

Praxis. 2014;103(22):1331-4

Larocque A, Hoffman RS

Levamisole in cocaine: unexpected news from an old acquaintance.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2012;50(4):231-41

McGrath MM, Isakova T, Rennke HG, Mottola AM, Laliberte KA, Niles JL

Contaminated cocaine and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated disease.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2011;6(12):2799-805

Buendía-Roldán I, Navarro C, Rojas-Serrano J

[Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: Causes and outcomes in a referral center].

Reumatologia clinica. 2010;6(4):196-8

Dy I, Pokuri V, Olichney J, Wiernik P

Levamisole-adulterated in cocaine causing agranulocytosis, vasculopathy, and acquired protein S deficiency.

Annals of hematology. 2012;91(3):477-8

Aithal S, Marley N, Venkat-Raman G

An unusual non-immunological cause of renal pulmonary syndrome.

Clinical nephrology. 2009;72(4):322-5

Abu-kishk I, Rosenfeld-Yehoshua N

Massive pulmonary hemorrhage in an adolescent.

The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ. 2008;10(8-9):593-4

Lazor R, Bigay-Gamé L, Cottin V, Cadranel J, Decaux O, Fellrath JM, Cordier JF, Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines Pulmonaires (GERMOP) and the Swiss Group for Interstitial and Orphan Lung Diseases (SIOLD)

Alveolar hemorrhage in anti-basement membrane antibody disease: a series of 28 cases.

Medicine. 2007;86(3):181-193

Gilbert O, Mathieu D, Hanquet O, Lardinois I, Cornut P, Pierard P, Van Meerhaeghe A

[Hemoptysis in a young man].

Revue des maladies respiratoires. 2006;23(5 Pt 1):471-6

Baldwin GC, Choi R, Roth MD, Shay AH, Kleerup EC, Simmons MS, Tashkin DP

Evidence of chronic damage to the pulmonary microcirculation in habitual users of alkaloidal ("crack") cocaine.

Chest. 2002;121(4):1231-8

Bailey ME, Fraire AE, Greenberg SD, Barnard J, Cagle PT

Pulmonary histopathology in cocaine abusers.

Human pathology. 1994;25(2):203-7

Murray RJ, Albin RJ, Mergner W, Criner GJ

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage temporally related to cocaine smoking.

Chest. 1988;93(2):427-9

Ettinger NA, Albin RJ

A review of the respiratory effects of smoking cocaine.

The American journal of medicine. 1989;87(6):664-8