The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.s

Sniffing death - Death from inhalation of compound

Publications

Berling I, Isbister GK

Rare but relevant: Hydrocarbons and sudden sniffing syndrome.

Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2025;120(9):1884-1888

Piersanti V, Napoletano G, David MC, Umani Ronchi F, Marinelli E, De Paola L, Zaami S

Sudden death due to butane abuse - An overview.

Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2024;103:102662

Amadasi A, Mastroluca L, Marasciuolo L, Caligara M, Sironi L, Gentile G, Zoja R

Death due to acute tetrachloroethylene intoxication in a chronic abuser.

International journal of legal medicine. 2015;129(3):487-93

Zorro AR

Asphyxial suicide by inhalation of chloroform inside a plastic bag.

Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2014;21:1-4

Phatak DR, Walterscheid J

Huffing air conditioner fluid: a cool way to die?

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 2012;33(1):64-7

Wick R, Gilbert JD, Felgate P, Byard RW

Inhalant deaths in South Australia: a 20-year retrospective autopsy study.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 2007;28(4):319-22

Singer PP, Jones GR

An unusual autoerotic fatality associated with chloroform inhalation.

Journal of analytical toxicology. 2006;30(3):216-8

Musshoff F, Padosch SA, Kroener LA, Madea B

Accidental autoerotic death by volatile substance abuse or nonsexually motivated accidents?

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 2006;27(2):188-92

Isenschmid DS, Cassin BJ, Hepler BR, Kanluen S

Tetrachloroethylene intoxication in an autoerotic fatality.

Journal of forensic sciences. 1998;43(1):231-4

Steffee CH, Davis GJ, Nicol KK

A whiff of death: fatal volatile solvent inhalation abuse.

Southern medical journal. 1996;89(9):879-84

Tough SC, Butt JC, Sanders GL

Autoerotic asphyxial deaths: analysis of nineteen fatalities in Alberta, 1978 to 1989.

Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. 1994;39(3):157-60

Musclow CE, Awen CF

Glue sniffing: report of a fatal case.

Canadian Medical Association journal. 1971;104(4):315-9