The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.r

Death following exposure or poisoning

Can be sudden cardiac death

Publications

Indorato F, Romano G, Barbera N

Levamisole-adulterated cocaine: Two fatal case reports and evaluation of possible cocaine toxicity potentiation.

Forensic science international. 2016;265:103-6

Morentin B, Ballesteros J, Callado LF, Meana JJ

Recent cocaine use is a significant risk factor for sudden cardiovascular death in 15-49-year-old subjects: a forensic case-control study.

Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2014;109(12):2071-8

Lucena J, Blanco M, Jurado C, Rico A, Salguero M, Vazquez R, Thiene G, Basso C

Cocaine-related sudden death: a prospective investigation in south-west Spain.

European heart journal. 2010;31(3):318-29

Degenhardt L, Roxburgh A, Barker B

Underlying causes of cocaine, amphetamine and opioid related deaths in Australia.

Journal of clinical forensic medicine. 2005;12(4):187-95

Levenson T, Greenberger PA, Donoghue ER, Lifschultz BD

Asthma deaths confounded by substance abuse. An assessment of fatal asthma.

Chest. 1996;110(3):604-10