The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App
Frequency - Incidence
Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases
Evidence level/grade
Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic
Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)
Publications
Heroin-Induced Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: A Rare but Serious Complication.
Cureus 2025 Mar;17;e81548 — 2025 Mar — e81548
Winklhofer S, Surer E, Ampanozi G, Ruder T, Stolzmann P, Elliott M, Oestreich A, Kraemer T, Thali M, Alkadhi H, Schweitzer W
Post-mortem whole body computed tomography of opioid (heroin and methadone) fatalities: frequent findings and comparison to autopsy.
European radiology 2014 Jun;24;1276-82 — 2014 Jun — 1276-82
Heroin body packer's death in Haryana; India: a case report.
Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2013 Aug;20;693-6 — 2013 Aug — 693-6
"Foam Cone" exuding from the mouth and nostrils following heroin overdose.
Toxicology mechanisms and methods 2012 Feb;22;159-60 — 2012 Feb — 159-60
The histopathology of drugs of abuse.
Histopathology 2011 Oct;59;579-93 — 2011 Oct — 579-93
Clinical images in medical toxicology: heroin overdose with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2006;44;399 — 2006 — 399
Pulmonary edema in acute heroin poisoning; report of four cases.
The American journal of medicine 1959 Jul;27;187-92 — 1959 Jul — 187-92
Patterns of presentation in heroin overdose resulting in pulmonary edema.
The American journal of emergency medicine 2003 Jan;21;32-4 — 2003 Jan — 32-4
Heroin-related noncardiogenic pulmonary edema : a case series.
Chest 2001 Nov;120;1628-32 — 2001 Nov — 1628-32
Pulmonary edema in fatal heroin overdose: immunohistological investigations with IgE, collagen IV and laminin - no increase of defects of alveolar-capillary membranes.
Forensic science international 2000 May 15;110;87-96 — 2000 May 15 — 87-96
Diphenhydramine toxicity: comparisons of postmortem findings in diphenhydramine-, cocaine-, and heroin-related deaths.
The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 1998 Jun;19;143-7 — 1998 Jun — 143-7
Delayed resolution of pulmonary oedema after cocaine/heroin abuse.
Thorax 1994 Oct;49;1038-40 — 1994 Oct — 1038-40
Heroin lung: report of two cases.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 1994 Feb;93;170-2 — 1994 Feb — 170-2
William Osler: narcotic-induced pulmonary edema.
The Journal of emergency medicine 1983;1;165-7 — 1983 — 165-7
Heroin pulmonary edema.
JAMA 1968 Sep 30;206;125-6 — 1968 Sep 30 — 125-6
The clinical spectrum of heroin pulmonary edema.
Archives of internal medicine 1968 Aug;122;122-7 — 1968 Aug — 122-7
The roentgen findings in acute heroin intoxication.
The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine 1968 Jul;103;522-32 — 1968 Jul — 522-32
Heroin pulmonary edema. Evidence for increased pulmonary capillary permeability.
The American review of respiratory disease 1972 Sep;106;472-4 — 1972 Sep — 472-4
Heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Sequential studies of pulmonary function.
Annals of internal medicine 1972 Jul;77;29-35 — 1972 Jul — 29-35