The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IV.f

Severe or catastrophic bronchospasm or asthma attack (can be fatal)

Evidence is less than it is with heroin (PMID 12576374)

Publications

Doshi V, Shenoy S, Ganesh A, Lankala S, Henkle J

Near Fatal Asthma in an Inner City Population.

American journal of therapeutics. 2016;23(6):e1375-e1380

Levine M, Iliescu ME, Margellos-Anast H, Estarziau M, Ansell DA

The effects of cocaine and heroin use on intubation rates and hospital utilization in patients with acute asthma exacerbations.

Chest. 2005;128(4):1951-7

Levenson T, Greenberger PA, Donoghue ER, Lifschultz BD

Asthma deaths confounded by substance abuse. An assessment of fatal asthma.

Chest. 1996;110(3):604-10

Averbach M, Casey KK, Frank E

Near-fatal status asthmaticus induced by nasal insufflation of cocaine.

Southern medical journal. 1996;89(3):340-1

Rao AN, Polos PG, Walther FA

Crack abuse and asthma: a fatal combination.

New York state journal of medicine. 1990;90(10):511-2