The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

L.h

Aspiration, aspiration pneumonia (w/wo demonstrable pharyngeal dysmotility)

Publications

Grigorakos L, Sakagianni K, Tsigou E, Apostolakos G, Nikolopoulos G, Veldekis D

Outcome of acute heroin overdose requiring intensive care unit admission.

Journal of opioid management 2010 May-Jun;6;227-31 — 2010 May-Jun — 227-31

Warnock ML, Ghahremani GG, Rattenborg C, Ginsberg M, Valenzuela J

Pulmonary complication of heroin intoxication. Aspiration pneumonia and diffuse bronchiectasis.

JAMA 1972 Feb 21;219;1051-3 — 1972 Feb 21 — 1051-3