The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App
Frequency - Incidence
Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases
Evidence level/grade
Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic
Death following exposure or poisoning
Publications
Winklhofer S, Surer E, Ampanozi G, Ruder T, Stolzmann P, Elliott M, Oestreich A, Kraemer T, Thali M, Alkadhi H, Schweitzer W
Post-mortem whole body computed tomography of opioid (heroin and methadone) fatalities: frequent findings and comparison to autopsy.
European radiology. 2014;24(6):1276-82
Heroin body packer's death in Haryana; India: a case report.
Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2013;20(6):693-6
The histopathology of drugs of abuse.
Histopathology. 2011;59(4):579-93
Outcome of acute heroin overdose requiring intensive care unit admission.
Journal of opioid management. 2010;6(3):227-31
The comparative toxicology and major organ pathology of fatal methadone and heroin toxicity cases.
Drug and alcohol dependence. 2010;106(1):1-6
A clinical study of an epidemic of heroin intoxication and heroin-induced pulmonary edema.
The American journal of medicine. 1971;51(6):704-14