The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App
Frequency - Incidence
Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases
Evidence level/grade
Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic
Thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical or caustic injury on the face, mouth, tongue, pharynx or upper airway
Publications
Upper aerodigestive tract frostbite from inhalation of automotive nitrous oxide.
Ear, nose, & throat journal. 2018;97(9):E13-E14
Life-threatening airway obstruction from nitrous oxide induced frostbite of the oral cavity.
Anaesthesia and intensive care. 1996;24(6):717-20