The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XLVII.h

Pneumomediastinum

Publications

Tavare AN, Li D, Hare SS, Creer DD

Pneumomediastinum and pneumorrhachis from recreational nitrous oxide inhalation: no laughing matter.

Thorax 2018 02;73;195-196 — 2018 02 — 195-196

McDermott R, Tsang K, Hamilton N, Belton M

Recreational nitrous oxide inhalation as a rare cause of spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

BMJ case reports 2015 Sep 21;2015; — 2015 Sep 21