The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

II.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)

Publications

Iuteri CM, Sawyers RJ, Byrne CM, Trojano M, Thundiyil J

Case-control study of mitragynine deaths in Florida.

Journal of analytical toxicology. 2026;50(5)

Jittasopa W, Srisont S

The Causes of Death and Pathological Findings of Kratom Users: A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 2021;42(4):335-340

McIntyre IM, Trochta A, Stolberg S, Campman SC

Mitragynine 'Kratom' related fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations.

Journal of analytical toxicology. 2015;39(2):152-5

Neerman MF, Frost RE, Deking J

A drug fatality involving Kratom.

Journal of forensic sciences. 2013;58 Suppl 1:S278-9