The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

II.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)

Publications

Zhong Z, Liu M, Zhong Q, Zhou M, Di X

Drug-induced pulmonary edema: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas. 2025;58:e14566

Joseph M, Amin K, Siddens C, Jaime G, Seeger CM, Mercer K, Chau T

Pulmonary edema after naloxone administration for opioid reversal: a systematic review of case reports and causality assessment using the Naranjo scale.

Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2024;62(5):334-342

Conley KD, Murphy-Parker D, Conley VM

Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary and Peripheral Edema as an Untoward Reaction of Naloxone.

Journal of addictions nursing. 2024;35(2):114

Marsalisi C, Guo HJ, Reddy P

The Double-Edged Sword: Naloxone-Induced Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema.

Cureus. 2023;15(7):e41642

Kummer RL, Kempainen RR, Olives TD, Leatherman JW, Prekker ME

Naloxone-associated pulmonary edema following recreational opioid overdose.

The American journal of emergency medicine. 2022;53:41-43

Al-Azzawi M, Alshami A, Douedi S, Al-Taei M, Alsaoudi G, Costanzo E

Naloxone-Induced Acute Pulmonary Edema is Dose-Dependent: A Case Series.

The American journal of case reports. 2021;22:e929412

Elkattawy S, Alyacoub R, Ejikeme C, Noori MAM, Remolina C

Naloxone induced pulmonary edema.

Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives. 2021;11(1):139-142

Patti R, Ponnusamy V, Somal N, Sinha A, Sharma S, Yoon TS, Kupfer Y

Naloxone-Induced Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema.

American journal of therapeutics. 2020;27(6):e672-e673

Jiwa N, Sheth H, Silverman R

Naloxone-Induced Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: A Case Report.

Drug safety - case reports. 2018;5(1):20

Lassen CL, Zink W, Wiese CH, Graf BM, Wiesenack C

[Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema. Case report with review of the literature and critical evaluation].

Der Anaesthesist. 2012;61(2):129-36

Nath SS, Tripathi M, Pandey C, Rao B

Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema: a potential cause of postoperative morbidity in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Indian journal of medical sciences. 2009;63(2):72-5

Osterwalder JJ

Naloxone--for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures--harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study.

Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology. 1996;34(4):409-16

Prough DS, Roy R, Bumgarner J, Shannon G

Acute pulmonary edema in healthy teenagers following conservative doses of intravenous naloxone.

Anesthesiology. 1984;60(5):485-6

Taff RH

Pulmonary edema following naloxone administration in a patient without heart disease.

Anesthesiology. 1983;59(6):576-7

Partridge BL, Ward CF

Pulmonary edema following low-dose naloxone administration.

Anesthesiology. 1986;65(6):709-10

Schwartz JA, Koenigsberg MD

Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema.

Annals of emergency medicine. 1987;16(11):1294-6

Brimacombe J, Archdeacon J, Newell S, Martin J

Two cases of naloxone-induced pulmonary oedema--the possible use of phentolamine in management.

Anaesthesia and intensive care. 1991;19(4):578-80

Flacke JW, Flacke WE, Williams GD

Acute pulmonary edema following naloxone reversal of high-dose morphine anesthesia.

Anesthesiology. 1977;47(4):376-8