The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XX.a

Respiratory tract infection incl. pneumonia

Publications

McGeoch LJ, Ross S, Massa MS, Lewington S, Clarke R

Cigarette smoking and risk of severe infectious respiratory diseases in UK adults: 12-year follow-up of UK biobank.

Journal of public health (Oxford, England) 2023 Jun 22;; — 2023 Jun 22

Bello S, Menéndez R, Antoni T, Reyes S, Zalacain R, Capelastegui A, Aspa J, Borderías L, Martin-Villasclaras JJ, Alfageme I, Rodríguez de Castro F, Rello J, Luis M, Ruiz-Manzano J

Tobacco smoking increases the risk for death from pneumococcal pneumonia.

Chest 2014 Oct;146;1029-1037 — 2014 Oct — 1029-1037