The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.n

Neutropenia, agranulocytosis (w/wo infection/sepsis)

Due to levamisole in the majority of cocaine samples

Publications

Buchanan JA, Lavonas EJ

Agranulocytosis and other consequences due to use of illicit cocaine contaminated with levamisole.

Current opinion in hematology 2012 Jan;19;27-31 — 2012 Jan — 27-31

Chung C, Tumeh PC, Birnbaum R, Tan BH, Sharp L, McCoy E, Mercurio MG, Craft N

Characteristic purpura of the ears, vasculitis, and neutropenia--a potential public health epidemic associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011 Oct;65;722-725.e2 — 2011 Oct — 722-725.e2

Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use - four States, March 2008-November 2009.

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2009 Dec 18;58;1381-5 — 2009 Dec 18 — 1381-5