The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

IX.d

Respiratory failure from ventilatory depression (due to neuromuscular blockade/paralysis)

Publications

O Reilly D, Thomas M, Moylett E

Cough, codeine and confusion.

BMJ case reports 2015 Dec 23;2015; — 2015 Dec 23

Niesters M, Overdyk F, Smith T, Aarts L, Dahan A

Opioid-induced respiratory depression in paediatrics: a review of case reports.

British journal of anaesthesia 2013 Feb;110;175-82 — 2013 Feb — 175-82

Khetani JD, Madadi P, Sommer DD, Reddy D, Sistonen J, Ross CJ, Carleton BC, Hayden MR, Koren G

Apnea and oxygen desaturations in children treated with opioids after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a prospective pilot study.

Paediatric drugs 2012 Dec 01;14;411-5 — 2012 Dec 01 — 411-5