The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.a

Cyanosis, a low SpO2 and normal measured PaO2

Publications

Panikkath R, Panikkath D, Wischmeyer J

An Uncommon Complication With Use of Topical Local Anesthetic Agents: Methemoglobinemia.

American journal of therapeutics. 2016;23(6):e1968-e1969

Kwok S, Fischer JL, Rogers JD

Benzocaine and lidocaine induced methemoglobinemia after bronchoscopy: a case report.

Journal of medical case reports. 2008;2:16

Kane GC, Hoehn SM, Behrenbeck TR, Mulvagh SL

Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia based on the Mayo Clinic experience from 28 478 transesophageal echocardiograms: incidence, outcomes, and predisposing factors.

Archives of internal medicine. 2007;167(18):1977-82

Srikanth MS, Kahlstrom R, Oh KH, Fox SR, Fox ER, Fox KM

Topical benzocaine (Hurricaine) induced methemoglobinemia during endoscopic procedures in gastric bypass patients.

Obesity surgery. 2005;15(4):584-90

Vidyarthi V, Manda R, Ahmed A, Khosla S, Lubell DL

Severe methemoglobinemia after transesophageal echocardiography.

American journal of therapeutics. 2003;10(3):225-7