The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XI.r

Death following exposure or poisoning

Publications

Hilado MA, Getz A, Rosenthal R, Im DD

Fatal Transdermal Fentanyl Patch Overdose in a Child.

Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6755

Torralva R, Janowsky A

Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis.

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2019;371(2):453-475

Tomassoni AJ, Hawk KF, Jubanyik K, Nogee DP, Durant T, Lynch KL, Patel R, Dinh D, Ulrich A, D'Onofrio G

Multiple Fentanyl Overdoses - New Haven, Connecticut, June 23, 2016.

MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2017;66(4):107-111

Sutter ME, Gerona RR, Davis MT, Roche BM, Colby DK, Chenoweth JA, Adams AJ, Owen KP, Ford JB, Black HB, Albertson TE

Fatal Fentanyl: One Pill Can Kill.

Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2017;24(1):106-113

Juebner M, Fietzke M, Beike J, Rothschild MA, Bender K

Assisted suicide by fentanyl intoxication due to excessive transdermal application.

International journal of legal medicine. 2014;128(6):949-56

Jumbelic MI

Deaths with transdermal fentanyl patches.

The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology. 2010;31(1):18-21

Nelson L, Schwaner R

Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacology and toxicology.

Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2009;5(4):230-41

Kuhlman JJ Jr, McCaulley R, Valouch TJ, Behonick GS

Fentanyl use, misuse, and abuse: a summary of 23 postmortem cases.

Journal of analytical toxicology. 2003;27(7):499-504

Henderson GL

Fentanyl-related deaths: demographics, circumstances, and toxicology of 112 cases.

Journal of forensic sciences. 1991;36(2):422-33