The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

II.g

Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE)

Publications

Mavridou P, Kitsakou P, Exarchos C, Panagiotou P, Koutsi CA

Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema Following Extubation for Appendectomy in a 17-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report Highlighting the Value of Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Guiding Conservative Management.

Cureus. 2026;18(7):e112936

Tsai PH, Wang JH, Huang SC, Lin YK, Lam CF

Characterizing post-extubation negative pressure pulmonary edema in the operating room-a retrospective matched case-control study.

Perioperative medicine (London, England). 2018;7:28