The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XVII.a

Respiratory tract infection incl. pneumonia

Not all studies will demonstrate an increase in risk (PMID 29601438)

Publications

Maret-Ouda J, Panula J, Santoni G, Xie S, Lagergren J

Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of pneumonia: a self-controlled case series study.

Journal of gastroenterology. 2023;58(8):734-740

Safe M, Chan WH, Leach ST, Sutton L, Lui K, Krishnan U

Widespread use of gastric acid inhibitors in infants: Are they needed? Are they safe?

World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics. 2016;7(4):531-539

Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, Dieleman J, Stricker BH, Jansen JB

Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs.

JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955-60