The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

XII.t

Torsades de pointe

Publications

Isang E, Shali L, Morris CB, Mahlow J

Loperamide-Induced Torsades de Pointes.

Cureus. 2021;13(12):e20299

Simon M, Rague J

A Case Report of Torsade de Pointes and Brugada Pattern Associated with Loperamide Misuse and Supratherapeutic Loperamide Concentrations.

The Journal of emergency medicine. 2021;61(4):e54-e59

Jackson GG, Lopez CR, Bermudez ES, Hill NE, Roden DM, Ely EW, Stollings JL

Loperamide Induced Recurrent Torsades de Pointes: A Case Report.

Journal of pharmacy practice. 2022;35(5):791-795

Swank KA, Wu E, Kortepeter C, McAninch J, Levin RL

Adverse event detection using the FDA post-marketing drug safety surveillance system: Cardiotoxicity associated with loperamide abuse and misuse.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. 2017;57(2S):S63-S67