The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Fentanyl (smoked, snorted, insufflated, inhaled)

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

III.a

Alveolar hemorrhage (AH), diffuse AH (DAH)

Publications

Nangrani A, Chung J, Jyang E, Nangrani K, Schmidt M

A Rare Case of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Caused by Fentanyl Inhalation.

Cureus. 2023;15(10):e47598

Frisoni P, Bacchio E, Bilel S, Talarico A, Gaudio RM, Barbieri M, Neri M, Marti M

Novel Synthetic Opioids: The Pathologist's Point of View.

Brain sciences. 2018;8(9)

Ruzycki S, Yarema M, Dunham M, Sadrzadeh H, Tremblay A

Intranasal Fentanyl Intoxication Leading to Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage.

Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2016;12(2):185-8