The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

II.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)

Publications

Shahzad T, Bhutta ZA, Rehman MAU

Severe cardiopulmonary complications of ketamine: Acute pulmonary Edema in a cardiac patient.

Oxford medical case reports 2025 Aug;2025;omaf063 — 2025 Aug

Darke S, Duflou J, Farrell M, Peacock A, Lappin J

Characteristics and circumstances of death related to the self-administration of ketamine.

Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2020 Jun 13;; — 2020 Jun 13

Parthasarathy S, Ravishankar M, Selvarajan S, Anbalagan T

Ketamine and pulmonary oedema-report of two cases.

Indian journal of anaesthesia 2009 Aug;53;486-8 — 2009 Aug — 486-8

Boutureira J, Trim CM, Cornell KK

Acute pulmonary edema after diazepam-ketamine in a dog.

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia 2007 Sep;34;371-6 — 2007 Sep — 371-6

Pandey CK, Mathur N, Singh N, Chandola HC

Fulminant pulmonary edema after intramuscular ketamine.

Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 2000 Sep;47;894-6 — 2000 Sep — 894-6

Murphy JL

Hypertension and pulmonary oedema associated with ketamine administration in a patient with a history of substance abuse.

Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 1993 Feb;40;160-4 — 1993 Feb — 160-4