The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App
Frequency - Incidence
Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases
Evidence level/grade
Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic
Methemoglobinemia
May associate with hemolytic anemia. See PMID 18477042
Publications
Do Not Drink Poppers: A Case Report of Near Fatal Methemoglobinemia After Ingestion of Alkyl Nitrite.
Cureus 2025 Jan;17;e77190 — 2025 Jan
From Poppers to Peril: Recreational Nitrite-Induced Methemoglobinemia.
Cureus 2024 Aug;16;e67435 — 2024 Aug — e67435
Out of the Blue: Methemoglobinemia Associated With the Use of Amyl Nitrite in Rush Poppers for Erectile Stimulation.
Cureus 2023 Jun;15;e41201 — 2023 Jun — e41201
Barrangou-Poueys-Darlas M, Gerardin M, Deheul S, Istvan M, Guerlais M, Fan , Jolliet P, Dejoie T, Victorri-Vigneau C
Poppers Use and High Methaemoglobinaemia: 'Dangerous Liaisons'.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 2021 Oct 19;14; — 2021 Oct 19
Amyl Nitrite-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: Acute Therapy and Prevention.
Cureus 2021 Jul;13;e16099 — 2021 Jul — e16099
Poppers-Induced Methemoglobinemia: A Curious Case of the Blues.
Cureus 2021 May 27;13;e15276 — 2021 May 27 — e15276
Methaemoglobinaemia associated with the use of cocaine and volatile nitrites as recreational drugs: a review.
British journal of clinical pharmacology 2011 Jul;72;18-26 — 2011 Jul — 18-26
Near-fatal methemoglobinemia after recreational inhalation of amyl nitrite aerosolized with a compressed gas blower.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2005 Nov;104;856-9 — 2005 Nov — 856-9
Isobutyl-nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia; treatment with an exchange blood transfusion during hyperbaric oxygenation.
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003 Nov;47;1300-1 — 2003 Nov — 1300-1
Methylene blue: a treatment for severe methaemoglobinaemia secondary to misuse of amyl nitrite.
Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2002 May;19;270-1 — 2002 May — 270-1
[Recurrent methemoglobinemia: look for repeated use of poppers].
La Revue de medecine interne 2001 Apr;22;401-2 — 2001 Apr — 401-2
Saturday night blue--a case of near fatal poisoning from the abuse of amyl nitrite.
Journal of accident & emergency medicine 1997 Sep;14;339-40 — 1997 Sep — 339-40
Fatal methemoglobinemia due to inhalation of isobutyl nitrite.
Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology 1994;32;179-84 — 1994 — 179-84
Extreme methaemoglobinaemia secondary to recreational use of amyl nitrite.
Journal of accident & emergency medicine 1995 Jun;12;138-42 — 1995 Jun — 138-42
Fatal methemoglobinemia from butyl nitrite ingestion.
Annals of internal medicine 1980 Jan;92;131-32 — 1980 Jan — 131-32
Fatal methemoglobinemia resulting from ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a "room odorizer" widely used for recreational purposes.
Journal of forensic sciences 1981 Jul;26;587-93 — 1981 Jul — 587-93
Ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a recreational chemical of abuse, causing fatal methemoglobinemia.
Journal of forensic sciences 1987 Nov;32;1811-2 — 1987 Nov — 1811-2
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Perspectives on the treatment.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1991 Dec 30;636;165-70 — 1991 Dec 30 — 165-70