The Drug-Induced Respiratory Disease Website and App

Frequency - Incidence

Incidence of respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as assessed by number of reported/published cases in the literature. Red digits in stars indicate: 0 = Very rare, questionable signal · 1 = < 10 cases · 2 = 10-50 cases · 3 = 50–100 cases · 4 = 100-200 cases · 5 = >200 cases

Evidence level/grade

Evidence level for respiratory adverse event(s) due to the specific drug as estimated using Hill’s (1965), Naranjo’s (1981), and Bégaud’s (1985) criteria applied to published cases. Blue digits in stars indicate: 0 = Questionable · 1 = Low · 2 = Moderate · 3 = Robust · 4 = Definite · 5 = Unquestionable, pathognomonic

II.a

Pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic (NCPE)

Mainly described in the context of poisoning or overdose

Publications

Ju G, Chen L, Wang R, Zhang L, Liu Z, Chen S

A disproportionality analysis of nifedipine in the overall population and in pregnant women using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.

Medicine. 2025;104(44):e45113

Zhong Z, Liu M, Zhong Q, Zhou M, Di X

Drug-induced pulmonary edema: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas. 2025;58:e14566

Khattab NW, Razzouk R, Tanios B, Nahouli L, Bou Khalil P, El Khoury N

Pulmonary Edema Following Nifedipine Use in Pregnancy: A Case Report.

Cureus. 2024;16(9):e68467

Spiesser-Robelet L, Martin B, Carceller AM, Bussières JF, Touzin K, Audibert F, Lachance C, Ferreira E

[Adverse effects and hemodynamic effects of nifedipine as a tocolytic].

Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction. 2015;44(7):614-20

Xiao C, Gangal M, Abenhaim HA

Effect of magnesium sulfate and nifedipine on the risk of developing pulmonary edema in preterm births.

Journal of perinatal medicine. 2014;42(5):585-9

Kutuk MS, Ozgun MT, Uludag S, Dolanbay M, Yildirim A

Acute pulmonary failure due to pulmonary edema during tocolytic therapy with nifedipine.

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2013;288(4):953-4

Abbas OM, Nassar AH, Kanj NA, Usta IM

Acute pulmonary edema during tocolytic therapy with nifedipine.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2006;195(4):e3-4

Gillmer DJ, Kark P

Pulmonary oedema precipitated by nifedipine.

British medical journal. 1980;280(6229):1420-1

Batra AK, Segall PH, Ahmed T

Pulmonary edema with nifedipine in primary pulmonary hypertension.

Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. 1985;47(3):161-3

Herrington DM, Insley BM, Weinmann GG

Nifedipine overdose.

The American journal of medicine. 1986;81(2):344-6

Prigogine T, Waterlot Y, Gottignies P, Verhoeven A, Decroly P

Acute nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema with nifedipine in primary pulmonary hypertension.

Chest. 1991;100(2):563-4